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Exam Name: GFOA CPFO: Planning and Budgeting
Number of Questions: Approximately 50 multiple-choice questions per exam.
Time Allotted: 90 minutes (1.5 hours) to complete the exam.
Passing Score: A scaled score of 70% or higher is required to pass.
Exam Format: Computer-based testing (CBT) at approved testing centers.
Multiple-choice questions with four answer options per question.


Overall Governance 5%
Planning 10%
Revenue 15%
Budget Process 15%
Budget Analysis 10%
Budget Techniques 15%
Budget Monitoring 10%
Communications 10%
Budget Outcomes 10%

1. Overall Governance
- Financial Policies: Establishing formal policies for budget balance, reserve funds, and debt management to ensure fiscal discipline.
- Structurally Balanced Budget: Ensuring recurring revenues cover recurring expenditures for long-term sustainability.
- Governance Frameworks: Adopting GFOAs Financial Foundations Framework and the National Advisory Council on State and Local Budgeting (NACSLB) best practices.
- Stakeholder Roles: Defining responsibilities for elected officials, finance officers, and department heads in the budgeting process.
- Transparency and Accountability: Mechanisms to promote public trust through clear budget documentation and reporting.
- Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to local government laws and regulations affecting budget preparation and execution.

- Structurally Balanced Budget: A budget where recurring revenues match or exceed recurring expenditures.
- Fund Balance: The difference between assets and liabilities in a governmental fund, often used to measure financial health.
- GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles): Standards for financial reporting in budgeting.
- Fiscal Sustainability: The ability to maintain financial health over the long term without relying on non-recurring revenues.
- GFOA Best Practices: Guidelines for budgeting, planning, and financial management.
- Public Accountability: Ensuring budget decisions are transparent and justifiable to stakeholders.

2. Planning
- Long-Term Financial Planning: Developing multi-year plans to address future fiscal challenges and opportunities.
- Strategic Planning: Aligning budget priorities with organizational and community goals.
- Public Engagement: Involving stakeholders (e.g., citizens, community groups) in planning to ensure fairness and inclusivity.
- Capital Improvement Planning: Creating multi-year plans for infrastructure and capital investments.
- Forecasting Assumptions: Documenting assumptions for revenue and expenditure projections to guide planning.
- Risk Management: Identifying and mitigating risks that could impact financial plans.

- Financial Forecast: A tool to predict future fiscal conditions based on historical and current data.
- Capital Improvement Plan (CIP): A multi-year plan for capital projects, including funding sources and timelines.
- Strategic Goals: Long-term objectives that guide resource allocation.
- Public Engagement: Processes to involve citizens in planning, such as participatory budgeting.
- Enterprise Risk Management (ERM): A framework for identifying and addressing financial and operational risks.
- Scenario Planning: Developing multiple forecast outcomes to prepare for various fiscal conditions.

3. Revenue
- Revenue Sources: Understanding diverse revenue streams, including taxes, user fees, grants, and intergovernmental transfers.
- Revenue Forecasting: Estimating future revenues using historical data, economic trends, and statistical models.
- Revenue Volatility: Assessing risks associated with fluctuating revenue sources, such as sales taxes.
- Seasonality: Analyzing patterns in revenue collection to Boost forecasting accuracy.
- Revenue Diversification: Strategies to reduce reliance on a single revenue source for fiscal stability.
- Policy Impacts: Evaluating how changes in laws or regulations affect revenue projections.

- Recurring Revenue: Income expected to continue regularly, such as property taxes.
- Non-Recurring Revenue: One-time or irregular income, such as grants or asset sales.
- Revenue Forecast: Projections of future revenue based on economic and historical data.
- Elasticity: The sensitivity of revenue sources to economic changes (e.g., sales tax during a recession).
- Intergovernmental Revenue: Funds received from other governments, such as state or federal grants.
- User Fees: Charges for specific services, such as water or recreation fees.

4. Budget Process
- Budget Development Stages: Planning, preparation, adoption, execution, and evaluation.
- Stakeholder Collaboration: Engaging elected officials, staff, and the public in budget development.
- Budget Calendar: Creating a timeline for budget preparation, review, and adoption.
- Priority-Based Budgeting: Allocating resources based on community and organizational priorities.
- Budget Types: Understanding line-item, program, performance, and zero-based budgeting approaches.
- Policy Integration: Linking budgets to financial policies and strategic plans.

- Budget Calendar: A schedule outlining key milestones in the budget process.
- Priority-Based Budgeting: A method that aligns resources with community priorities and outcomes.
- Program Budgeting: Organizing budgets by programs or services rather than line items.
- Zero-Based Budgeting: Building budgets from scratch, justifying all expenditures annually.
- Budget Adoption: The formal approval of the budget by the governing body.
- Public Hearing: A forum for public input during the budget process.

5. Budget Analysis
- Revenue and Expenditure Analysis: Comparing actuals to budgeted amounts to identify trends and variances.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis: Assessing the financial and non-financial impacts of budget proposals.
- Fiscal Impact Analysis: Evaluating the budgetary effects of proposed policies or projects.
- Performance Metrics: Using data to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of programs.
- Variance Analysis: Identifying and analyzing deviations between budgeted and real figures.
- Trend Analysis: Examining historical data to predict future budgetary needs.

- Variance Analysis: Comparing budgeted amounts to real results to identify discrepancies.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluating the costs versus benefits of a proposed initiative.
- Fiscal Impact Analysis: Assessing the budgetary implications of policy decisions.
- Performance Metrics: Quantitative measures to evaluate program outcomes.
- Trend Analysis: Using historical data to identify patterns in revenues and expenditures.
- Encumbrances: Funds committed but not yet spent, tracked in the budget.

6. Budget Techniques
- Line-Item Budgeting: Detailing expenditures by specific categories (e.g., salaries, supplies).
- Performance-Based Budgeting: Linking funding to measurable outcomes and performance goals.
- Program Budgeting: Allocating resources to specific programs or services.
- Zero-Based Budgeting: Justifying all expenses from a zero base each year.
- Participatory Budgeting: Involving citizens in deciding how to allocate portions of the budget.
- Budget Software: Using technology (e.g., ERP systems) to streamline budgeting processes.

- Line-Item Budget: A budget organized by specific expenditure categories.
- Performance-Based Budgeting: A method tying funding to measurable outcomes.
- Zero-Based Budgeting: A technique requiring justification of all expenses annually.
- Participatory Budgeting: A process allowing public input on budget allocations.
- ERP System: Enterprise Resource Planning software for integrated budget management.
- Evidence-Based Budgeting: Using data and outcomes to guide budget decisions.

7. Budget Monitoring
- Budget vs. Actuals Comparison: Regularly comparing budgeted amounts to real revenues and expenditures.
- Performance Monitoring: Tracking progress toward goals and objectives using performance measures.
- Overspend Protection: Implementing controls to prevent budget overruns.
- Root Cause Analysis: Investigating reasons for budget variances to inform corrective actions.
- Real-Time Data: Using ERP systems for timely budget monitoring and reporting.
- Interim Reporting: Meeting periodic reporting requirements for transparency and compliance.

- Budget Monitoring: The process of tracking financial performance against the budget.
- Performance Measures: Indicators to assess program efficiency and effectiveness.
- Root Cause Analysis: Identifying underlying reasons for budget variances.
- Overspend Protection: Mechanisms to prevent spending beyond budgeted amounts.
- Real-Time Data: Immediate access to financial data via ERP systems.
- Interim Reporting: Periodic reports on budget performance for stakeholders.

8. Communications
- Budget Documentation: Creating clear, comprehensive budget documents for public and stakeholder review.
- Public Communication: Sharing budget information through reports, websites, and public meetings.
- Stakeholder Engagement: Communicating with elected officials, staff, and citizens to build consensus.
- Transparency: Providing accessible information about budget priorities and outcomes.
- Presentation Techniques: Using visuals and narratives to explain complex budget data.
- Feedback Mechanisms: Incorporating public and stakeholder feedback into budget decisions.

- Budget Document: A formal report detailing the budget, priorities, and financial plans.
- Transparency: Openness in sharing budget information with the public.
- Stakeholder Engagement: Involving key groups in budget discussions and decisions.
- Public Meeting: A forum for presenting and discussing the budget with citizens.
- Budget Narrative: A written explanation of budget priorities and decisions.
- Feedback Loop: A process for collecting and acting on stakeholder input.

9. Budget Outcomes
- Outcome Measurement: Assessing whether budget allocations achieve intended results.
- Performance Evaluation: Linking budget outcomes to strategic and operational goals.
- Community Impact: Evaluating how budget decisions affect service delivery and community well-being.
- Long-Term Sustainability: Ensuring budget decisions support financial health over time.
- Accountability Mechanisms: Holding managers accountable for achieving budgeted outcomes.
- Adjustments and Flexibility: Modifying budgets based on performance and changing conditions.

- Outcome Measures: Metrics to evaluate the impact of budget allocations.
- Performance Evaluation: Assessing whether programs meet their objectives.
- Community Outcomes: The tangible benefits of budget decisions for residents.
- Fiscal Sustainability: Maintaining financial health through balanced budgeting.
- Accountability: Ensuring responsible use of public funds.
- Flexibility: The ability to adjust budgets in response to changing needs.